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During Calculus last week, we covered slope fields and Euler’s method of first order initial-value problems of the form

 \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle \frac{dy}{dx} & = & f(x,y) \\[2ex] y(x_0) & = & y_0. \end{array}

During class we demonstrated the use of slope field to perform a basic qualitative analysis. We utilized a couple of different online applets as well as Maple 13.

Visualizing Slope Fields and solutions
Another similar page, with zoom

Direction Fields – A Maple 13 Worksheet

Below is a short demonstration of how we set up a simple application of Euler’s Method in Excel 2007. Consider the simple initial value problem:

 \begin{array}{rcl} \displaystyle \frac{dy}{dx} & = & x(6-y) \\[2ex] y(0) & = & 0. \end{array}

Recall that Euler’s Method is given by

 \begin{array}{rcl} x_i &=& x_{i-1}+h\\[2ex] y_i &=& y_{i-1} + hf(x_{i-1},y_{i-1}) \end{array}

Watch the demo:

image

This is just a quick and dirty implementation of Euler’s method in Excel but it gets the job done.

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image At Wayland, there has been an increased emphasis on the need to "go green".  I’ll admit to having inherited a very West Texas conservative viewpoint on the environment.  I’ll even go so far as to admit not giving it much thought at all and just taking for granted the natural resources that are available to me.

So, what is a West Texas conservative viewpoint on the environment?  Allow me to attempt to describe what I think it is and please don’t necessarily take the following as truth or even a fair representation of what I currently believe. And while this is by no means universal in this part the world, it’s certainly not uncommon.

If I can afford it, I can use it.  If it’s on my land, then I can do with it what I want.  The climate change issue is too controversial.  In spite of a vast scientific consensus among climatologists, the issue has become so politicized that I doubt the integrity of the scientists involved in the debate.  Is it warming, is it cooling, is it natural, is it man-made?  I don’t know because I haven’t paid close enough attention.  But if I allow myself to fall along party-lines, like I do on so many issues, then it may or may not be warming but it’s unlikely to be caused by man."

Of course, climate change isn’t the only issue.  There’s deforestation, there’s the massive extinction of animal life on the planet, there’s a significant decrease in the availability of fresh water, there’s pollution, and so much more.  If you listen to most environmentalists, we are doomed.  If you listen to the rest, we are at the very least at a crisis in human history.  The vast number of humans on this planet have reached the point that they are a geologic force changing the landscape, the ecosystem of the oceans, and the atmosphere.

Are these real issues?  Should I really be concerned?  I honestly haven’t decided yet.  But I have a renewed interest in finding out what I believe.

image At Wayland, we’ve had a couple of guests to our campus within the last two weeks, both of whom are founders of the organization called Care of Creation.  It is their goal to make Christians aware environmental issues and to promote their involvement in helping to become stewards of the environment.  Also, at Wayland we have begun an Environmental Stewardship Bible Study in which several faculty and staff members are participating.  In preparation for participating in the Bible Study, for attending the talks by our guests, and for completing a two-day workshop on environmental stewardship, I’ve begun doing a lot of reading in this area.

I have chosen to use my blog to document my journey down this road.  I may very well end up where I started but most certainly, by the end, I will have made some decisions and will have reached place where I can reasonably defend my positions.  Here is a brief survey of some of the questions that have arisen in my thought process about which I hope to reach a conclusion:

  • Does the Bible provide a foundation for environmental concern within the believer?
  • There is clearly a call to exercise dominion over creation and a reasonable case can be made that we should not abuse and destroy God’s creation.  Where is the line between cultivation and abuse?
  • Free markets are amazing for the development of new ideas to deal with societal and even environmental problems.  But they seem to be inevitably entangled with the problem of greed.  Free markets have polluted the environment and lead to the deposition of toxic chemicals into drinking water and caused major illnesses because of their disregard for people and their ultimate regard for the bottom line.  Is the free market the best and sole solution to potential environmental crises?
  • Is the alleged environmental crisis important enough to be a central ministry of the church or do we need "to keep the main thing, the main thing"?

image Here’s something I already know:  We are called to be stewards of many things as followers of Christ: stewards of our lives, stewards of our talents and gifts, stewards of our families, and stewards of our finances. God is creator and this world was deemed "good" by Him.  We should take care of this Earth, a gift that He gave us to live on.  The resources of this world are a gift and we are to be stewards of the Earth just as much as of our lives, family, finances and homes.

There is much, much more to come.

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I have a book on my shelf that I’ve probably had for close 15 years.  Every once in a while I pull it off the shelf and tell myself that I should read it and try it out.  The book is called “List  Your Self: Listmaking as the way to Self-Discovery”.  The subtitle says that it is “A provocative, Probing and Personal Expedition Into Your Mind, Heart, and Soul”

Seems to me that this is not only great fodder for a blog but also for a social network like facebook.  While many meme’s that go around annoy me to no end, there have been a few that have allowed me to know a little more about my online friends (mostly friends from days gone by).  That has to be one of my favorite things about Facebook and Twitter, getting to reconnect with old friends and keeping up with all my current ones.

So here it goes, List #1

List the Biggest Turning Points in Your Life

  • 1985: In fourth grade, I was recruited to participate in a UIL contest called Number Sense.  This definitely started me down a path toward becoming a mathematician and an educator.
  • 1985: Also the year that I accepted Jesus Christ as my personal Lord and Savior.  Life would be totally different without Him.
  • 1994: Summer I traveled to Bakersfield, CA, to work as a summer missionary.  Met Si Budagher and made a lot of good friends, a few of whom would eventually come to Wayland.
  • 1994: Senior year in high school when I decided to go to Wayland for college.  That was a major life decision considering I met my wife there and now plan on teaching there for as long as they’ll let me.
  • 1995: After a year as a Religion major, I missed math too much and decided to add mathematics as a major.
  • 1995: Also the year I met the most intriguing, hilarious, intelligent, witty, and beautiful woman that I have ever laid eyes on.  I took only a couple of months to learn that I would have to spend the rest of my life getting to know her.
  • 1998: Decided to go to Texas Tech to get my graduate degrees in Mathematics.  I decided very early that I wanted to teach undergraduate mathematics.
  • 1998: Marriage.  Almost nothing turns your life around more than this.
  • 2000: Children. NOTHING turns your life around more than this.  Emily came in August and being a father has become the most fulfilling and challenging job of my life.
  • 2000: Wayland hired me as a Mathematics Instructor. 
  • 2003: Along comes Timothy and we now have both a boy and a girl.  The family is seemingly complete.  It is the family that both Lori and I had always planned on.  We’re most likely done having kids at this point.
  • 2004: Along comes Zachary and God reminds us that his plans are better than ours.  Life is different and better than we ever imagined.  Our family is just not complete without the life of the party, Mr. Z.
  • 2005: Completed the Ph.D.  My formal schooling after 24 years is finally over.  Hard to believe.
  • 2007: With all my life goals seemingly met: family, Ph.D., teaching at WBU, I get restless and wonder if I shouldn’t try full-time research for a while.  So I do and after 6 months in a bioinformatics post-doc with Dr. Wilkins in Lubbock, I know that I’m cut out to be an educator.  Research will have to become my hobby.
  • 2008: After commuting for a term, we moved back to Plainview for financial reasons.  It’s tough at first but eventually, it becomes clear that this was the right decision.
  • 2009: We buy the house of our dreams.  Having saved up and having Lori working full-time (without sending any of the kids to day-care) we are in the perfect place to buy our dream house. 
  • 2009: I have been promoted to Associate Dean and begin in August in a new role as an administrator.  Still waiting to see what becomes of this turning point.

That’s a lot of turning points. Not all of them were major changes but most were definitely course corrections in life.

I’m curious, from both the readers of the blog and from my friends on facebook, what are some of your major turning points?

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The Real Story

Last week, a friend on Facebook pointed me to a story that seemed like it would be of interest to mathematician like myself but upon reading the story, there were a number of quirky details in the story and some important details missing.  It made me suspicious.

STOCKHOLM (AFP) – A 16-year-old Iraqi immigrant living in Sweden has cracked a maths puzzle that has stumped experts for more than 300 years, Swedish media reported on Thursday.

In just four months, Mohamed Altoumaimi has found a formula to explain and simplify the so-called Bernoulli numbers, a sequence of calculations named after the 17th century Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, the Dagens Nyheter daily said.

See the rest of the news story here.

Now, I’m no number theorist but I did take a course in Special Functions where the topic of Bernoulli numbers came up.  I was not aware of any 300 year old problem so I did some hunting and couldn’t find out what problem had been solved.  I also couldn’t find any mathematical news source citing the major development.

Thanks to Keith Devlin, we have a little more insight to the story.  In his MAA article this week, he wrote,

So I dug around on the Web for more details. There were a lot of news stories about the topic, but they all said more or less the same as the article I had already seen. Eventually, however, I found a Swedish news Website with an English-language story that was close to the source (Uppsala University).

"Swedish teen tackles centuries-old numbers challenge" was the headline. The story began, "A 16-year-old Iraqi immigrant in central Sweden has single-handedly figured out a formula with Bernoulli numbers that is normally reserved for much more seasoned mathematicians, earning him praise from professors at prestigious Uppsala University." Ah. Much more believable.

The reporter went on to explain that Altoumaimi, the young high school pupil, had developed some equations involving the Bernoulli numbers. When his school math teachers were unable to tell him whether what he had done was correct, the student contacted a professor at Uppsala University, who, after examining his work, declared that it was indeed correct. Not new, however. As the story continued,

"While it’s not the first time that someone has shown such Bernoulli number relationships, it’s highly unusual for a first year high school student to make his way through the complicated calculations, according to Uppsala University senior maths lecturer Lars-ke Lindahl."

I feel better knowing the truth behind the story.  Devlin was able to find the source I couldn’t find in my own digging.  Thanks, Keith.

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Number Puzzle #8

The four numbers A, B, A+B and A-B are all prime.  The sum of these four numbers is

A) Even
B) Divisible by 3
C) Divisible by 5
D) Divisible by 7
E) Prime

Source: 2002 AMC 10/12B #15

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image I was having a problem when using Camtasia Studio to do a screen capture of an algebra lecture.  On my laptop, the capture works just fine but on my desktop it was very jumpy.  For those who don’t know, I use a Wacom Tablet, Microsoft OneNote and Camtasia to produce a series of videos for our online Algebra sequence. 

Whenever I would begin recording, the system would slow down enough that the writing on the screen was broken and hard to read.  The sound capture was fine, it just seemed that the CPU was not able to keep up with capturing the video on the screen and allow me to write smoothly.  The laptop, where it works fine, is a faster processor but with the same amount of memory.  I’m not certain how the video adapters compare.

I first discovered the problem several months ago and had been switching back and forth ever since.  However, today I took initiative and attempt to solve the problem one more time and came across a tip I had not considered. 

The Solution that worked for me:  Reduce the color depth from 32 bit to 16 bit.  For the types of videos I am doing, that makes makes no discernible difference and now it is as smooth on my desktop as it is on my laptop.

Some other tips for increasing the capture rate were found here: http://tinyurl.com/arua4b

Here’s a short sample:

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image I love these kinds of puzzles because there is only one solution but there are several ways to get there.  It’s at least as interesting to hear the different approaches as it is to solve it.

Here was the puzzle posted last week:

Mr. Jones has eight children of different ages.  On a family trip his oldest child, who is 9, spots a license plate with 4-digit number in which each of two digits appears two times.

  “Look, daddy!” she exclaims. “That number is evenly divisible by the age of each of us kids!”

  “That’s right,” replies Mr. Jones, “and the last two digits just happen to be my age.”

What is the four digit number in the license plate?

The first thing I noted when I saw the problem is that the solution must be in one of the following forms: aabb, abba, or baba (where a and b are distinct digits).  Also, I noticed that since the oldest child is 9, the sum of digits must be a divisible by 9.  So that 2a + 2b = 9k for some k.  Because 2a+2b is even, k must be even. We know that a and b are distinct digits between 0 and 9, inclusive, the largest 2a+2b could be is 34, so k must be 2.  In other words, a+b=9.

Next thing I noticed is that Mr. Jones will have either 4 year old or an 8 year old or both.  Either way, the 4-digit number is divisible by 4.  This means the last two digits must be divisible by 4.  We thus have the following possibilities: 9900, 5544, 1188, 3636, 6336, 2772, 7272.  I arrived at these by thinking first of numbers of the form bb that are divisible by 4 (00, 44, 88) and providing the appropriate a to get aabb that is divisible by 9.  Then I considered the numbers of the form ba, that are divisible by 9 and 4 (36, 72) and listed both abba and baba.

Notice that in this list only 9900 is divisible by 5 and 00 can’t possibly be the age of Mr. Jones so he must not have a child age 5.  Only 5544 is divisible by the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

SOLUTION: 5544

A few folks emailed me their solutions and were all correct, but each had an approach that was not quite the same as mine.  Well done to those!

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An awesome new feature was recently announced by Google for the contact management tools in Gmail.  If you have multiple contact entries for the same individual in Gmail you can now easily merge them into one.

image

(From Lifehacker)

For example, if you’re staring in the face of numerous duplicate contacts that should represent the same person, the built-in contact merge feature in Google Contacts is a must. Just find the duplicate contacts, tick their checkboxes, and click "Merge these contacts…." Easy peasy. To manage your contacts, either head to the Contacts page in Gmail or to the unadvertised standalone site.

Gmail just keeps getting better.  I was back to using Outlook for long while until the Tasks feature was launched.  Now, all my email addresses are dumped into Gmail.  I don’t think I’m going back.

Oh, and thanks to the IMAP capabilities in Gmail, I have uploaded all my archived email into my Gmail account.  I can search my work emails dating all the way 2002. 

Oh, and I love the new Multiple Inboxes feature, as well.

Oh, and how about those themes?

You’ll find nothing but love for Google here…

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Number Puzzle #7

image   Mr. Jones has eight children of different ages.  On a family trip his oldest child, who is 9, spots a license plate with 4-digit number in which each of two digits appears two times. 

  “Look, daddy!” she exclaims. “That number is evenly divisible by the age of each of us kids!”

  “That’s right,” replies Mr. Jones, “and the last two digits just happen to be my age.”

What is the four digit number in the license plate?

Source: 2006 AMC 10/12B #25 (American Mathematics Contest)

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Two days ago, I posted this simple little number puzzle. Quite a few folks came up with the answer below.  One of the interesting questions you can ask is whether that solution is unique.

 image

imageClearly there are two lines of symmetry in the original problem so by reflection alone we come up with a total of four solutions:  \{ I, F_x, F_y, F_x \circ F_y \} where F_x and  F_y represent “flips” across the lines of symmetry and  I represents the identity, or the solution above.  By F_x \circ F_y, I mean the composition of the flipping operations or just consecutive flipping.

There also exists radial symmetry at 180^{\circ}, but this is equivalent to F_x \circ F_y.  So for this arrangement above, there are four solutions of the same “type”. 

image     image     image

Are any other arrangements possible besides these four?

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